Hidrolisis
Kata Kunci: garam, Hidrolisis
Ditulis oleh Redaksi chem-is-try.org pada 07-05-2009
Hidrolisis adalah terurainya garam dalam air yang menghasilkan asam atau basa.
ADA EMPAT JENIS GARAM, YAITU :
1.Garam yang terbentuk dari reaksi asam kuat dengan basa kuat (misalnya NaCl, K2SO4 dan lain-lain) tidak mengalami hidrolisis. Untuk jenis garam yang demikian nilai pH = 7 (bersifat netral)
2.Garam yang terbentuk dari reaksi asam kuat dengan basa lemah (misalnya NH4Cl, AgNO3 dan lain-lain) hanya kationnya yang terhidrolisis (mengalami hidrolisis parsial). Untuk jenis garam yang demikian nilai pH < 7 (bersifat asam)
3.Garam yang terbentuk dari reaksi asam lemah dengan basa kuat (misalnya CH3COOK, NaCN dan lain-lain) hanya anionnya yang terhidrolisis (mengalami hidrolisis parsial). Untuk jenis garam yang demikian nilai pH > 7 (bersifat basa)
4.Garam yang terbentuk dari reaksi asam lemah dengan basa lemah (misalnya CH3COONH4, Al2S3 dan lain-lain) mengalami hidrolisis total (sempurna). Untuk jenis garam yang demikian nilai pH-nya tergantung harga Ka den Kb
Senin, 07 Juni 2010
Lirik Yui - Life
Lirik Yui - Life
Doro darake yo najime nai tokai de
Onaji you ni warae nai
utsumuite aruita no
Isogi ashi de surechigau hito-tachi
Yume wa kanai mashita ka?
ATASHI mada MOGA ite iru
Kodomo no goro ni modoru yori mo
Ima wo umaku ikite mitai yo
Kowagari wa umare tsuki
Hi no atari basho ni dete
Ryoute wo hirogete mita nara
Ano sora koete yukeru ka na?
Nante wo ita na
Tobitatsu tame no tsubasa
Sore wa mada mie nai
KANTAN ni ika nai ka ikite yukeru
Nureta koinu hiroi ageta dakede
Chotto warae chau hodo
Namida ga koborete kita
Aisaretai aisaretai bakari
ATASHI iitte ita yo ne
Motomeru dake ja dame ne
Kodomo no koro wa MAMA no koto
Hidoku kizutsuketa
Hi mo atta yo ne kawari tai
Ima zenbu
Hi no ataru basho ni dete
Kono te wo tsuyoku nigitte mitai
Ano basho ano toki wo kowashite
I can change my life
Demo kokoro no naka subete wo
Totemo tsutae kire nai
KANTAN ni ika nai ka
Ikite yukeru
Hi no ataru basho ni dete
Chizu wo hirogete miru kedo
I know... You know...
Mayoi michi mo shikata nai
I can change my life
Sugite kita hibi zenbu de
Ima no atashi nanda yo
KANTAN ni ika nai ka
Ikite yukeru
Doro darake yo najime nai tokai de
Onaji you ni warae nai
utsumuite aruita no
Isogi ashi de surechigau hito-tachi
Yume wa kanai mashita ka?
ATASHI mada MOGA ite iru
Kodomo no goro ni modoru yori mo
Ima wo umaku ikite mitai yo
Kowagari wa umare tsuki
Hi no atari basho ni dete
Ryoute wo hirogete mita nara
Ano sora koete yukeru ka na?
Nante wo ita na
Tobitatsu tame no tsubasa
Sore wa mada mie nai
KANTAN ni ika nai ka ikite yukeru
Nureta koinu hiroi ageta dakede
Chotto warae chau hodo
Namida ga koborete kita
Aisaretai aisaretai bakari
ATASHI iitte ita yo ne
Motomeru dake ja dame ne
Kodomo no koro wa MAMA no koto
Hidoku kizutsuketa
Hi mo atta yo ne kawari tai
Ima zenbu
Hi no ataru basho ni dete
Kono te wo tsuyoku nigitte mitai
Ano basho ano toki wo kowashite
I can change my life
Demo kokoro no naka subete wo
Totemo tsutae kire nai
KANTAN ni ika nai ka
Ikite yukeru
Hi no ataru basho ni dete
Chizu wo hirogete miru kedo
I know... You know...
Mayoi michi mo shikata nai
I can change my life
Sugite kita hibi zenbu de
Ima no atashi nanda yo
KANTAN ni ika nai ka
Ikite yukeru
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci
Self-portrait in red chalk, circa 1512 to 1515.[nb 1]
Royal Library of Turin
Birth name
Leonardo di Ser Piero
Born
April 15, 1452(1452-04-15)
Vinci, Florence, in present-day Italy
Died
May 2, 1519 (aged 67)
Amboise, Touraine (in present-day Indre-et-Loire, France)
Nationality
Italian
Field
Many and diverse fields of arts and sciences
Movement
High Renaissance
Works
Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Vitruvian Man
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( pronunciation (help·info)), (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519), was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention.[1] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.[2] According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote".[1] Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about the man himself, Leonardo's vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time. [3]
Born the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice and spent his last years in France, at the home awarded him by Francis I.
Leonardo was and is renowned[2] primarily as a painter. Two of his works, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are the most famous, most reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time, respectively, their fame approached only by Michelangelo's Creation of Adam.[1] Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon,[4] being reproduced on everything from the Euro to text books to t-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive, the small number due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination.[nb 2] Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists only rivalled by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo.
Leonardo is revered[2] for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator,[5] the double hull and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime,[nb 3] but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded.[nb 4] As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics.[6]
Life
Childhood, 1452–1466
Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, "at the third hour of the night"[nb 5] in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the lower valley of the Arno River in the territory of Florence.[8] He was the illegitimate son of Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine notary, and Caterina, a peasant.[7][9][nb 6] Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense, "da Vinci" simply meaning "of Vinci": his full birth name was "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", meaning "Leonardo, (son) of (Mes)ser Piero from Vinci".[8]
Little is known about Leonardo's early life. He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano, then lived in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci. His father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera, who loved Leonardo but died young.[10] When Leonardo was sixteen his father married again, twenty-year-old Francesca Lanfredini. It was not until his third and fourth marriages that Ser Piero produced legitimate heirs.[11] In later life, Leonardo only recorded two childhood incidents. One, which he regarded as an omen, was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle, its tail feathers brushing his face.[12] The second occurred while exploring in the mountains. He discovered a cave and was both terrified that some great monster might lurk there, and driven by curiosity to find out what was inside.[10]
Leonardo's early life has been the subject of historical conjecture.[13] Vasari, the 16th-century biographer of Renaissance painters tells of how a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo responded with a painting of monster spitting fire which was so terrifying that Ser Piero sold it to a Florentine art dealer, who sold it to the Duke of Milan. Meanwhile, having made a profit, Ser Piero bought a shield decorated with a heart pierced by an arrow, which he gave to the peasant.[14]
Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476
In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio whose workshop was "one of the finest in Florence".[15] Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.[10][16] Leonardo would have been exposed to both theoretical training and a vast range of technical skills[17] including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling.[18][nb 7]
Much of the painted production of Verrocchio's workshop was done by his employees. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus's robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again.[19] This is probably an exaggeration. On close examination, the painting reveals much that has been painted or touched up over the tempera using the new technique of oil paint, the landscape, the rocks that can be seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.[20]
Leonardo himself may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio, including the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Michael in Tobias and the Angel.[9]
By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of St Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine,[nb 8] but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him.[10] Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno valley, drawn on August 5, 1473.[nb 9][16]
Professional life, 1476–1513
Florentine court records of 1476 show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy, and acquitted.[9] [nb 10] From that date until 1478 there is no record of his work or even of his whereabouts,[21] In 1478 he left Verroccio's studio and was no longer resident at his father's house. One writer, the "Anonimo" Gaddiano claims that in 1480 he was living with the Medici and working in the garden of the Piazza San Marco in Florence.[9] In January 1478 he received his first independent commission, to paint an altarpiece in 1478 for the Chapel of St Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchioand The Adoration of the Magi in March 1481 for the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto.[22] Neither important commission was completed, the second being interrupted when Leonardo went to Milan.
In 1482 Leonardo, who according to Vasari was a most talented musician,[23] created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Lorenzo de’ Medici sent Leonardo, bearing the lyre as a gift, to Milan, to secure peace with Ludovico il Moro, Duke of Milan.[24] At this time Leonardo wrote an often-quoted letter to Ludovico, describing the many marvellous and diverse things that he could achieve in the field of engineering and informing the Lord that he could also paint.[16][25]
Leonardo continued work in Milan between 1482 and 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.[26] While living in Milan between 1493 and 1495 Leonardo listed a woman called Caterina among his dependents in his taxation documents. When she died in 1495, the list of funeral expenditure suggests that she was his mother.[27]
He worked on many different projects for Ludovico, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, designs for a dome for Milan Cathedral and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza, Ludovico's predecessor. Seventy tons of bronze were set aside for casting it. The monument remained unfinished for several years, which was not unusual for Leonardo. In 1492 the clay model of the horse was completed. It surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's statue of Gattemelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the "Gran Cavallo".[16][nb 11]
Leonardo began making detailed plans for its casting,[16] however, Michelangelo rudely implied that Leonardo was unable to cast it.[10] In November 1494 Ludovico gave the bronze to be used for cannons to defend the city from invasion by Charles VIII.[16]
At the start of the Second Italian War in 1499, the invading French troops used the life-size clay model for the "Gran Cavallo" for target practice. With Ludovico Sforza overthrown, Leonardo, with his assistant Salai and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli, fled Milan for Venice,[28] where he was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.[10]
On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that "men and women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were attending a great festival".[29][nb 12] In 1502 Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.[28] He returned to Florence where he rejoined the Guild of St Luke on October 18, 1503, and spent two years designing and painting a great mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria,[28] with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina.[nb 13] In Florence in 1504, he was part of a committee formed to relocate, against the artist's will, Michelangelo's statue of David.[33]
In 1506 he returned to Milan. Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils or followers in painting either knew or worked with him in Milan,[10] including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio and Marco D'Oggione.[nb 14] However, he did not stay in Milan for long because his father had died in 1504, and in 1507 he was back in Florence trying to sort out problems with his brothers over his father's estate. By 1508 he was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.[34]
Old age, 1513-1519
Clos Lucé in France, where Leonardo died in 1519
From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time.[34] In October 1515, Francis I of France recaptured Milan.[22] On December 19, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna.[10][35][36] It was for Francis that Leonardo was commissioned to make a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.[37][nb 15] In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé[nb 16] near the king's residence at the royal Chateau Amboise. It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.[34]
Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519. Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari records that the King held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, as well as by Angelica Kauffmann, may be legend rather than fact.[nb 17][39] Vasari also tells us that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.[40] In accordance to his will, sixty beggars followed his casket. He was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in the castle of Amboise. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak "of good stuff" with a fur edge.[41]
Some twenty years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benevenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."[42]
Relationships and influences
Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise, (1425-1452) were a source of communal pride. Many artists assisted in their creation.
Florence — Leonardo's artistic and social background
Florence, at the time of Leonardo's youth was the centre of Humanist thought and culture.[43] Leonardo commenced his apprenticeship with Verrocchio in 1466, the year that Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello, died. The painter Uccello whose early experiments with perspective were to influence the development of landscape painting, was a very old man. The painters Piero della Francesca and Fra Filippo Lippi, sculptor Luca della Robbia, and architect and writer Leon Battista Alberti were in their sixties. The successful artists of the next generation were Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio, Antonio Pollaiuolo and the portrait sculptor, Mino da Fiesole whose lifelike busts give the most reliable likenesses of Lorenzo Medici's father Piero and uncle Giovanni.[44][45][46][47]
Leonardo's youth was spent in a Florence that was ornamented by the works of these artists and by Donatello's contemporaries, Masaccio whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion and Ghiberti whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective,[48] and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Alberti's Treatise[49] were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.[44][46][47]
Massaccio's depiction of the naked and distraught Adam and Eve leaving the Garden of Eden created a powerfully expressive image of the human form, cast into three dimensions by the use of light and shade which was to be developed in the works of Leonardo in a way that was to be influential in the course of painting. The Humanist influence of Donatello's David can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly John the Baptist.[44],[45]
Small devotional picture by Verrocchio, c. 1470
A prevalent tradition in Florence was the small altarpiece of the Virgin and Child. Many of these were created in tempera or glazed terracotta by the workshops of Filippo Lippi, Verrocchio and the prolific della Robbia family.[44] Leonardo's early Madonnas such as the The Madonna with a carnation and The Benois Madonna followed this tradition while showing idiosyncratic departures, particularly in the case of the Benois Madonna in which the Virgin is set at an oblique angle to the picture space with the Christ Child at the opposite angle. This compositional theme was to emerge in Leonardo's later paintings such as The Virgin and Child with St. Anne.[10]
Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.[45] He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio, with whom they had associations, and at the Academy of the Medici.[10] Botticelli was a particular favourite of the Medici family and thus his success as a painter was assured. Ghirlandaio and Perugino were both prolific and ran large workshops. They competently delivered commissions to well-satisfied patrons who appreciated Ghirlandaio's ability to portray the wealthy citizens of Florence within large religious frescoes, and Perugino's ability to deliver a multitude of saints and angels of unfailing sweetness and innocence.[44]
The Portinari Altarpiece, by Hugo van der Goes for a Florentine family
These three were among those commissioned to paint the walls of the Sistine Chapel, the work commencing with Perugino's employment in 1479. Leonardo was not part of this prestigious commission. His first significant commission, The Adoration of the Magi for the Monks of Scopeto, was never completed.[10]
In 1476, during the time of Leonardo's association with Verrocchio's workshop, the Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence, bringing new painterly techniques from Northern Europe which were to profoundly effect Leonardo, Ghirlandaio, Perugino and others.[45] In 1479, the Sicilian painter Antonello da Messina, who worked exclusively in oils, traveled north on his way to Venice, where the leading painter, Giovanni Bellini adopted the technique of oil painting, quickly making it the preferred method in Venice. Leonardo was also later to visit Venice.[45][47]
Like the two contemporary architects, Bramante and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.[45][50]
Lorenzo de' Medici between Antonio Pucci and Francesco Sassetti, with Giulio de' Medici, fresco by Ghirlandaio
Leonardo's political contemporaries were Lorenzo Medici (il Magnifico), who was three years older, and his popular younger brother Giuliano who was slain in the Pazzi Conspiracy in 1478. Ludovico il Moro who ruled Milan between 1479–1499 and to whom Leonardo was sent as ambassador from the Medici court, was also of Leonardo's age.[45]
With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neo Platonism, Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were foremost. Also associated with the Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.[45][47][51] Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me." While it was through the action of Lorenzo that Leonardo was to receive his important Milanese commissions, it is not known exactly what Leonardo meant by this cryptic comment.[10]
Although usually named together as the three giants of the High Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael were not of the same generation. Leonardo was twenty-three when Michelangelo was born and thirty-one when Raphael was born.[45] Raphael only lived until the age of 37 and died in 1520, the year after Leonardo, but Michelangelo went on creating for another 45 years.[46][47]
Personal life
Main article: Leonardo da Vinci's personal life
Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "outstanding physical beauty", "infinite grace", "great strength and generosity", "regal spirit and tremendous breadth of mind" as described by Vasari,[52] as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect is his respect for life evidenced by his vegetarianism and his habit, described by Vasari, of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.[53][54]
Leonardo had many friends who are now renowned either in their fields or for their historical significance. They included the mathematician Luca Pacioli,[55] with whom he collaborated on a book in the 1490s, as well as Franchinus Gaffurius and Isabella d'Este.[citation needed] Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Isabella d'Este. He drew a portrait of her while on a journey which took him through Mantua, and which appears to have been used to create a painted portrait now lost.[10]
Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud.[56]
Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salai and Melzi, Melzi describing Leonardo's feelings for him as both loving and intensely passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy, and acquitted.[9] Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.
Leonardo da Vinci
Self-portrait in red chalk, circa 1512 to 1515.[nb 1]
Royal Library of Turin
Birth name
Leonardo di Ser Piero
Born
April 15, 1452(1452-04-15)
Vinci, Florence, in present-day Italy
Died
May 2, 1519 (aged 67)
Amboise, Touraine (in present-day Indre-et-Loire, France)
Nationality
Italian
Field
Many and diverse fields of arts and sciences
Movement
High Renaissance
Works
Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Vitruvian Man
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( pronunciation (help·info)), (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519), was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention.[1] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.[2] According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote".[1] Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about the man himself, Leonardo's vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time. [3]
Born the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice and spent his last years in France, at the home awarded him by Francis I.
Leonardo was and is renowned[2] primarily as a painter. Two of his works, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are the most famous, most reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time, respectively, their fame approached only by Michelangelo's Creation of Adam.[1] Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon,[4] being reproduced on everything from the Euro to text books to t-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive, the small number due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination.[nb 2] Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists only rivalled by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo.
Leonardo is revered[2] for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator,[5] the double hull and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime,[nb 3] but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded.[nb 4] As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics.[6]
Life
Childhood, 1452–1466
Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, "at the third hour of the night"[nb 5] in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the lower valley of the Arno River in the territory of Florence.[8] He was the illegitimate son of Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine notary, and Caterina, a peasant.[7][9][nb 6] Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense, "da Vinci" simply meaning "of Vinci": his full birth name was "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", meaning "Leonardo, (son) of (Mes)ser Piero from Vinci".[8]
Little is known about Leonardo's early life. He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano, then lived in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci. His father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera, who loved Leonardo but died young.[10] When Leonardo was sixteen his father married again, twenty-year-old Francesca Lanfredini. It was not until his third and fourth marriages that Ser Piero produced legitimate heirs.[11] In later life, Leonardo only recorded two childhood incidents. One, which he regarded as an omen, was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle, its tail feathers brushing his face.[12] The second occurred while exploring in the mountains. He discovered a cave and was both terrified that some great monster might lurk there, and driven by curiosity to find out what was inside.[10]
Leonardo's early life has been the subject of historical conjecture.[13] Vasari, the 16th-century biographer of Renaissance painters tells of how a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo responded with a painting of monster spitting fire which was so terrifying that Ser Piero sold it to a Florentine art dealer, who sold it to the Duke of Milan. Meanwhile, having made a profit, Ser Piero bought a shield decorated with a heart pierced by an arrow, which he gave to the peasant.[14]
Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476
In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio whose workshop was "one of the finest in Florence".[15] Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.[10][16] Leonardo would have been exposed to both theoretical training and a vast range of technical skills[17] including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling.[18][nb 7]
Much of the painted production of Verrocchio's workshop was done by his employees. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus's robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again.[19] This is probably an exaggeration. On close examination, the painting reveals much that has been painted or touched up over the tempera using the new technique of oil paint, the landscape, the rocks that can be seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.[20]
Leonardo himself may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio, including the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Michael in Tobias and the Angel.[9]
By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of St Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine,[nb 8] but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him.[10] Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno valley, drawn on August 5, 1473.[nb 9][16]
Professional life, 1476–1513
Florentine court records of 1476 show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy, and acquitted.[9] [nb 10] From that date until 1478 there is no record of his work or even of his whereabouts,[21] In 1478 he left Verroccio's studio and was no longer resident at his father's house. One writer, the "Anonimo" Gaddiano claims that in 1480 he was living with the Medici and working in the garden of the Piazza San Marco in Florence.[9] In January 1478 he received his first independent commission, to paint an altarpiece in 1478 for the Chapel of St Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchioand The Adoration of the Magi in March 1481 for the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto.[22] Neither important commission was completed, the second being interrupted when Leonardo went to Milan.
In 1482 Leonardo, who according to Vasari was a most talented musician,[23] created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Lorenzo de’ Medici sent Leonardo, bearing the lyre as a gift, to Milan, to secure peace with Ludovico il Moro, Duke of Milan.[24] At this time Leonardo wrote an often-quoted letter to Ludovico, describing the many marvellous and diverse things that he could achieve in the field of engineering and informing the Lord that he could also paint.[16][25]
Leonardo continued work in Milan between 1482 and 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.[26] While living in Milan between 1493 and 1495 Leonardo listed a woman called Caterina among his dependents in his taxation documents. When she died in 1495, the list of funeral expenditure suggests that she was his mother.[27]
He worked on many different projects for Ludovico, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, designs for a dome for Milan Cathedral and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza, Ludovico's predecessor. Seventy tons of bronze were set aside for casting it. The monument remained unfinished for several years, which was not unusual for Leonardo. In 1492 the clay model of the horse was completed. It surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's statue of Gattemelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the "Gran Cavallo".[16][nb 11]
Leonardo began making detailed plans for its casting,[16] however, Michelangelo rudely implied that Leonardo was unable to cast it.[10] In November 1494 Ludovico gave the bronze to be used for cannons to defend the city from invasion by Charles VIII.[16]
At the start of the Second Italian War in 1499, the invading French troops used the life-size clay model for the "Gran Cavallo" for target practice. With Ludovico Sforza overthrown, Leonardo, with his assistant Salai and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli, fled Milan for Venice,[28] where he was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.[10]
On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that "men and women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were attending a great festival".[29][nb 12] In 1502 Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.[28] He returned to Florence where he rejoined the Guild of St Luke on October 18, 1503, and spent two years designing and painting a great mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria,[28] with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina.[nb 13] In Florence in 1504, he was part of a committee formed to relocate, against the artist's will, Michelangelo's statue of David.[33]
In 1506 he returned to Milan. Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils or followers in painting either knew or worked with him in Milan,[10] including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio and Marco D'Oggione.[nb 14] However, he did not stay in Milan for long because his father had died in 1504, and in 1507 he was back in Florence trying to sort out problems with his brothers over his father's estate. By 1508 he was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.[34]
Old age, 1513-1519
Clos Lucé in France, where Leonardo died in 1519
From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time.[34] In October 1515, Francis I of France recaptured Milan.[22] On December 19, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna.[10][35][36] It was for Francis that Leonardo was commissioned to make a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.[37][nb 15] In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé[nb 16] near the king's residence at the royal Chateau Amboise. It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.[34]
Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519. Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari records that the King held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, as well as by Angelica Kauffmann, may be legend rather than fact.[nb 17][39] Vasari also tells us that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.[40] In accordance to his will, sixty beggars followed his casket. He was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in the castle of Amboise. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak "of good stuff" with a fur edge.[41]
Some twenty years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benevenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."[42]
Relationships and influences
Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise, (1425-1452) were a source of communal pride. Many artists assisted in their creation.
Florence — Leonardo's artistic and social background
Florence, at the time of Leonardo's youth was the centre of Humanist thought and culture.[43] Leonardo commenced his apprenticeship with Verrocchio in 1466, the year that Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello, died. The painter Uccello whose early experiments with perspective were to influence the development of landscape painting, was a very old man. The painters Piero della Francesca and Fra Filippo Lippi, sculptor Luca della Robbia, and architect and writer Leon Battista Alberti were in their sixties. The successful artists of the next generation were Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio, Antonio Pollaiuolo and the portrait sculptor, Mino da Fiesole whose lifelike busts give the most reliable likenesses of Lorenzo Medici's father Piero and uncle Giovanni.[44][45][46][47]
Leonardo's youth was spent in a Florence that was ornamented by the works of these artists and by Donatello's contemporaries, Masaccio whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion and Ghiberti whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective,[48] and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Alberti's Treatise[49] were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.[44][46][47]
Massaccio's depiction of the naked and distraught Adam and Eve leaving the Garden of Eden created a powerfully expressive image of the human form, cast into three dimensions by the use of light and shade which was to be developed in the works of Leonardo in a way that was to be influential in the course of painting. The Humanist influence of Donatello's David can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly John the Baptist.[44],[45]
Small devotional picture by Verrocchio, c. 1470
A prevalent tradition in Florence was the small altarpiece of the Virgin and Child. Many of these were created in tempera or glazed terracotta by the workshops of Filippo Lippi, Verrocchio and the prolific della Robbia family.[44] Leonardo's early Madonnas such as the The Madonna with a carnation and The Benois Madonna followed this tradition while showing idiosyncratic departures, particularly in the case of the Benois Madonna in which the Virgin is set at an oblique angle to the picture space with the Christ Child at the opposite angle. This compositional theme was to emerge in Leonardo's later paintings such as The Virgin and Child with St. Anne.[10]
Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.[45] He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio, with whom they had associations, and at the Academy of the Medici.[10] Botticelli was a particular favourite of the Medici family and thus his success as a painter was assured. Ghirlandaio and Perugino were both prolific and ran large workshops. They competently delivered commissions to well-satisfied patrons who appreciated Ghirlandaio's ability to portray the wealthy citizens of Florence within large religious frescoes, and Perugino's ability to deliver a multitude of saints and angels of unfailing sweetness and innocence.[44]
The Portinari Altarpiece, by Hugo van der Goes for a Florentine family
These three were among those commissioned to paint the walls of the Sistine Chapel, the work commencing with Perugino's employment in 1479. Leonardo was not part of this prestigious commission. His first significant commission, The Adoration of the Magi for the Monks of Scopeto, was never completed.[10]
In 1476, during the time of Leonardo's association with Verrocchio's workshop, the Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence, bringing new painterly techniques from Northern Europe which were to profoundly effect Leonardo, Ghirlandaio, Perugino and others.[45] In 1479, the Sicilian painter Antonello da Messina, who worked exclusively in oils, traveled north on his way to Venice, where the leading painter, Giovanni Bellini adopted the technique of oil painting, quickly making it the preferred method in Venice. Leonardo was also later to visit Venice.[45][47]
Like the two contemporary architects, Bramante and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.[45][50]
Lorenzo de' Medici between Antonio Pucci and Francesco Sassetti, with Giulio de' Medici, fresco by Ghirlandaio
Leonardo's political contemporaries were Lorenzo Medici (il Magnifico), who was three years older, and his popular younger brother Giuliano who was slain in the Pazzi Conspiracy in 1478. Ludovico il Moro who ruled Milan between 1479–1499 and to whom Leonardo was sent as ambassador from the Medici court, was also of Leonardo's age.[45]
With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neo Platonism, Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were foremost. Also associated with the Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.[45][47][51] Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me." While it was through the action of Lorenzo that Leonardo was to receive his important Milanese commissions, it is not known exactly what Leonardo meant by this cryptic comment.[10]
Although usually named together as the three giants of the High Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael were not of the same generation. Leonardo was twenty-three when Michelangelo was born and thirty-one when Raphael was born.[45] Raphael only lived until the age of 37 and died in 1520, the year after Leonardo, but Michelangelo went on creating for another 45 years.[46][47]
Personal life
Main article: Leonardo da Vinci's personal life
Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "outstanding physical beauty", "infinite grace", "great strength and generosity", "regal spirit and tremendous breadth of mind" as described by Vasari,[52] as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect is his respect for life evidenced by his vegetarianism and his habit, described by Vasari, of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.[53][54]
Leonardo had many friends who are now renowned either in their fields or for their historical significance. They included the mathematician Luca Pacioli,[55] with whom he collaborated on a book in the 1490s, as well as Franchinus Gaffurius and Isabella d'Este.[citation needed] Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Isabella d'Este. He drew a portrait of her while on a journey which took him through Mantua, and which appears to have been used to create a painted portrait now lost.[10]
Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud.[56]
Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salai and Melzi, Melzi describing Leonardo's feelings for him as both loving and intensely passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy, and acquitted.[9] Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.
Sumpah I love U
Sumpah I love U
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Mata ku sdh buta tak dpt melihat wajah yg
Rupawan lg selain wajah mu
Hati ku sdh mati tak dpt merasa kerinduan
Yg dalam selain rindu kpd mu
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Mata ku sdh buta tak dpt melihat wajah yg
Rupawan lg selain wajah mu
Hati ku sdh mati tak dpt merasa kerinduan
Yg dalam selain rindu kpd mu
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Mata ku sdh buta tak dpt melihat wajah yg
Rupawan lg selain wajah mu
Hati ku sdh mati tak dpt merasa kerinduan
Yg dalam selain rindu kpd mu
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Mata ku sdh buta tak dpt melihat wajah yg
Rupawan lg selain wajah mu
Hati ku sdh mati tak dpt merasa kerinduan
Yg dalam selain rindu kpd mu
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Sumpah I love U,I need U,I miss U
aku tak bisa musnah kan kamu dri otak ku
Tak lekang oleh waktu
Tak lekang oleh waktu
Seperti cinta ini ingin ku lukiskan di dasar hati ku
kesetiaan janji ku untuk pertahankan kasih ku pada mu
Buka lah mata hati
ku masih cumbuhi bayang diri mu di dalam mimpi
yang mungkin takan pernah membawa mu di genggam ku
REFF
Dirimu di hati ku tak lekang oleh waktu
Meski kau bukan milik ku
Intan permata yang tak pudar tetap bersinar
mengisi kesepian jiwa ku
Ku coba memahami bimbang yang nurani
ku pastikan semua
Tak akan ku ingkari
Terlalu banyak cinta yang mengisi datang dan pergi
namun tak pernah bisa menyangka mu di bena ku
REFF
Dirimu di hati ku tak lekang oleh waktu
Meski kau bukan milik ku
Intan permata yang tak pudar tetap bersinar
mengisi kesepian jiwa ku
Dirimu di hati ku tak lekang oleh waktu
Meski kau bukan milik ku
Intan permata yang tak pudar tetap bersinar
mengisi kesepian
Dirimu di hati ku tak lekang oleh waktu
Meski kau bukan milik ku
Intan permata yang tak pudar tetap bersinar
mengisi kesepian jiwa ku
tak lekang oleh waktu
Seperti cinta ini ingin ku lukiskan di dasar hati ku
kesetiaan janji ku untuk pertahankan kasih ku pada mu
Buka lah mata hati
ku masih cumbuhi bayang diri mu di dalam mimpi
yang mungkin takan pernah membawa mu di genggam ku
REFF
Dirimu di hati ku tak lekang oleh waktu
Meski kau bukan milik ku
Intan permata yang tak pudar tetap bersinar
mengisi kesepian jiwa ku
Ku coba memahami bimbang yang nurani
ku pastikan semua
Tak akan ku ingkari
Terlalu banyak cinta yang mengisi datang dan pergi
namun tak pernah bisa menyangka mu di bena ku
REFF
Dirimu di hati ku tak lekang oleh waktu
Meski kau bukan milik ku
Intan permata yang tak pudar tetap bersinar
mengisi kesepian jiwa ku
Dirimu di hati ku tak lekang oleh waktu
Meski kau bukan milik ku
Intan permata yang tak pudar tetap bersinar
mengisi kesepian
Dirimu di hati ku tak lekang oleh waktu
Meski kau bukan milik ku
Intan permata yang tak pudar tetap bersinar
mengisi kesepian jiwa ku
tak lekang oleh waktu
MY HEART WILL GO ON Celine Dion
MY HEART WILL GO ON
Celine Dion
Every night in my dreams
I see you, I feel you,
That is how I know you go on
Far across the distance
And spaces between us
You have come to show you go on
Near, far, wherever you are
I believe that the heart does go on
Once more you open the door
And you're here in my heart
And my heart will go on and on
Love can touch us one time
And last for a lifetime
And never let go till we're one
Love was when I loved you
One true time I hold to
In my life we'll always go on
Near, far, wherever you are
I believe that the heart does go on
Once more you open the door
And you're here in my heart
And my heart will go on and on
You're here, there's nothing I fear,
And I know that my heart will go on
We'll stay forever this way
You are safe in my heart
And my heart will go on and on
Celine Dion
Every night in my dreams
I see you, I feel you,
That is how I know you go on
Far across the distance
And spaces between us
You have come to show you go on
Near, far, wherever you are
I believe that the heart does go on
Once more you open the door
And you're here in my heart
And my heart will go on and on
Love can touch us one time
And last for a lifetime
And never let go till we're one
Love was when I loved you
One true time I hold to
In my life we'll always go on
Near, far, wherever you are
I believe that the heart does go on
Once more you open the door
And you're here in my heart
And my heart will go on and on
You're here, there's nothing I fear,
And I know that my heart will go on
We'll stay forever this way
You are safe in my heart
And my heart will go on and on
Lyla / Tak kan Ada
Lyla / Tak kan Ada
[intro] G
G C
takkan jera
Em
aku meminta mu
D
tuk tetap di sini
G C
meski kini
Em
kaupun telah pergi
D
dan meminta aku
C D
tuk melupakanmu
Em D
tapi ku tak mampu
[chorus]
G Awake C
aku mohon kepadamu
D G D/F#
kembalilah kepadaku
Em F
karna takkan pernah ada
C D
yang mampu menggantikanmu
G C
takkan jera
Em
aku meminta mu
D
tuk tetap di sini
G C
(karena) dia bukan
Em
orang yang kupilih
D
tuk melupakanmu
G C
tak seindah bersamamu
D G D/F#
tak sehangat pelukanmu
Em F
yang tak akan pernah bisa
C D
untuk mengganti dirimu
G C
takkan jera
Em
aku meminta mu
D
tuk tetap di sini
[intro] G
G C
takkan jera
Em
aku meminta mu
D
tuk tetap di sini
G C
meski kini
Em
kaupun telah pergi
D
dan meminta aku
C D
tuk melupakanmu
Em D
tapi ku tak mampu
[chorus]
G Awake C
aku mohon kepadamu
D G D/F#
kembalilah kepadaku
Em F
karna takkan pernah ada
C D
yang mampu menggantikanmu
G C
takkan jera
Em
aku meminta mu
D
tuk tetap di sini
G C
(karena) dia bukan
Em
orang yang kupilih
D
tuk melupakanmu
G C
tak seindah bersamamu
D G D/F#
tak sehangat pelukanmu
Em F
yang tak akan pernah bisa
C D
untuk mengganti dirimu
G C
takkan jera
Em
aku meminta mu
D
tuk tetap di sini
Awake
Awake
With every appearance by you,
blinding my eyes, I can hardly remember the last time I felt like I do you are an angel disguised.
And you are lying real still but you are heartbeat is fast just like mine and the movies long over, that’s three that have passed, one more’s fine.
I will you stay awake for me, I don’t wanna miss anything.
I will share the air i breathe, ill give you my heart on a string. I just don’t wanna miss anything
With every appearance by you,
blinding my eyes, I can hardly remember the last time I felt like I do you are an angel disguised.
And you are lying real still but you are heartbeat is fast just like mine and the movies long over, that’s three that have passed, one more’s fine.
I will you stay awake for me, I don’t wanna miss anything.
I will share the air i breathe, ill give you my heart on a string. I just don’t wanna miss anything
Ciuman pertama
Ciuman pertama
Intro = E F#m C#m B
E F#m C#m B E
Baru ku sadari kita beranjak dewasa
F#m C#m B E
Tak pernah kualami kasih cinta seperti ini
E F#m C#m B 2x (seperti ini)
E F#m C#m B E
Kucoba tuk pahami cinta apa di hati ini
F#m C#m B A
agar ku mencintaimu untuk selamanya
B A B
untuk selamanya
Chorus
E B C#m B
Berikan aku ciuman pertamamu
A E F#m B
Agar ku yakin kau memang lah milikku
E B C#m B
Kau mungkin bukanlah cinta pertamaku
A C
Namun kau pasti, Namun kau pasti,
B E
cinta terakhirku
Guitar Solo = A E 2X B
E F#m C#m B
E F#m C#m B
pasti ku tahu kau memang yang terbaik untukku
E F#m C#m B
cintaku bukanlah cinta terlarang tuk kau mengerti
Intro = E F#m C#m B
E F#m C#m B E
Baru ku sadari kita beranjak dewasa
F#m C#m B E
Tak pernah kualami kasih cinta seperti ini
E F#m C#m B 2x (seperti ini)
E F#m C#m B E
Kucoba tuk pahami cinta apa di hati ini
F#m C#m B A
agar ku mencintaimu untuk selamanya
B A B
untuk selamanya
Chorus
E B C#m B
Berikan aku ciuman pertamamu
A E F#m B
Agar ku yakin kau memang lah milikku
E B C#m B
Kau mungkin bukanlah cinta pertamaku
A C
Namun kau pasti, Namun kau pasti,
B E
cinta terakhirku
Guitar Solo = A E 2X B
E F#m C#m B
E F#m C#m B
pasti ku tahu kau memang yang terbaik untukku
E F#m C#m B
cintaku bukanlah cinta terlarang tuk kau mengerti
Delima cinta
Delima cinta
[intro] Em A Em A
Em A
Seberapa salahkah diriku
D B
Hingga kau sakiti aku begitu menusukku
G
Inikah caramu membalas
A
Aku yang selalu ada saat kau terluka
Em A
Seberapa hinanya diriku
D B
Hingga kau ludahi semua yang ku beri untukmu
G
Tak ada satu pun perasaan
A D A
yang mampu membuatku begitu terluka
D F#m Bm
Namun ku terlanjur mencintai dirimu
G A
Terlambat bagiku pergi darimu
D F#m Bm
Bagiku terlalu indah perasaan itu
G A
Tak mudah untukku menjauh darimu
Em A
Telah ku coba segala cara
D
‘Tuk bahagiakan kamu
B
Merebut hatimu
G A
Namun tak semudah yang ku bayangkan
D A
Bila kau tak inginkan ku ’tuk di sisimu
F#m Bm
Tak pernah kurasakan sebelumnya
F#m Bm
Menginginkan dirinya hingga ku tak kuasa
Em A
Meyakini hatiku bahwa ku mampu berlalu
D F#m Bm
Namun ku terlanjur mencintai dirimu
G A
Terlambat bagiku pergi darimu
D F#m Bm
Bagiku terlalu indah perasaan itu
G A
Tak mudah untukku menjauh darimu
luka disini
[intro]:Bb F Gm Dm D# Bb F
Bb F
Dulu pernah ada cinta
Gm Dm
Dulu pernah ada sayang
D# Bb F
Namun kini tiada lagi perasaan seperti dulu
Bb F
Kini tiada lagi kisah
Gm Dm
Cintaku tlah musnah sudah
D# Bb F
Hancur hatiku telah kau sakiti perasaanku
[chorus]
Bb F
Biarkan ku pergi...
Gm Dm
Jangan kau tanyakan lagi
D# Bb F
Kuyakin ini yang terbaik tuk kau dan diriku
Bb F
Biarkan berlalu...
Gm Dm
Rasa cinta ini di hati
D# Bb F
Ku tak bisa tuk menahan aku luka di sini
[interlude]:Bb F Gm Dm D# Bb F G
[chorus][overtone]:
C G
Biarkan ku pergi...
Am Em
Jangan kau tanyakan lagi
F C G
Kuyakin ini yang terbaik tuk kau dan diriku
C G
Biarkan berlalu...
Am Em
Rasa cinta ini di hati
F C G
Ku tak bisa tuk menahan aku luka di sini
[music]:C G Am Em F C G (fade out)
terang dlm gelap ku
[Intro] G Em C G
G
Kita yang pernah merasakan
Hitam terangnya cinta
Em
Bersamamu kan kujelang hari bahagia
C
Tanpamu ku gelap
G
Tanpamu gelap
G
Simpan saja semua cerita
Tentang hitamnya cinta
Em
Bersamamu kan kujelang hari bahagia
C
Tanpamu ku gelap
G
Engkaulah terang
[Chorus]
Em C
Dan aku telah yakinkan hatiku
G
Bahagia kan ku jelang
D/F#
Bersamamu
Em C
Dan aku yang tak bisa tanpamu
G
Karena engkaulah terang
D
Dalam gelapku
G
Bulan bintang yang selalu datang
Setia terangi malam
Em
Tak seterang hatimu
C
Tak seterang cinta yang kau berikan
G
Yang kau berikan
[Interlude] Em C G D
[intro] Em A Em A
Em A
Seberapa salahkah diriku
D B
Hingga kau sakiti aku begitu menusukku
G
Inikah caramu membalas
A
Aku yang selalu ada saat kau terluka
Em A
Seberapa hinanya diriku
D B
Hingga kau ludahi semua yang ku beri untukmu
G
Tak ada satu pun perasaan
A D A
yang mampu membuatku begitu terluka
D F#m Bm
Namun ku terlanjur mencintai dirimu
G A
Terlambat bagiku pergi darimu
D F#m Bm
Bagiku terlalu indah perasaan itu
G A
Tak mudah untukku menjauh darimu
Em A
Telah ku coba segala cara
D
‘Tuk bahagiakan kamu
B
Merebut hatimu
G A
Namun tak semudah yang ku bayangkan
D A
Bila kau tak inginkan ku ’tuk di sisimu
F#m Bm
Tak pernah kurasakan sebelumnya
F#m Bm
Menginginkan dirinya hingga ku tak kuasa
Em A
Meyakini hatiku bahwa ku mampu berlalu
D F#m Bm
Namun ku terlanjur mencintai dirimu
G A
Terlambat bagiku pergi darimu
D F#m Bm
Bagiku terlalu indah perasaan itu
G A
Tak mudah untukku menjauh darimu
luka disini
[intro]:Bb F Gm Dm D# Bb F
Bb F
Dulu pernah ada cinta
Gm Dm
Dulu pernah ada sayang
D# Bb F
Namun kini tiada lagi perasaan seperti dulu
Bb F
Kini tiada lagi kisah
Gm Dm
Cintaku tlah musnah sudah
D# Bb F
Hancur hatiku telah kau sakiti perasaanku
[chorus]
Bb F
Biarkan ku pergi...
Gm Dm
Jangan kau tanyakan lagi
D# Bb F
Kuyakin ini yang terbaik tuk kau dan diriku
Bb F
Biarkan berlalu...
Gm Dm
Rasa cinta ini di hati
D# Bb F
Ku tak bisa tuk menahan aku luka di sini
[interlude]:Bb F Gm Dm D# Bb F G
[chorus][overtone]:
C G
Biarkan ku pergi...
Am Em
Jangan kau tanyakan lagi
F C G
Kuyakin ini yang terbaik tuk kau dan diriku
C G
Biarkan berlalu...
Am Em
Rasa cinta ini di hati
F C G
Ku tak bisa tuk menahan aku luka di sini
[music]:C G Am Em F C G (fade out)
terang dlm gelap ku
[Intro] G Em C G
G
Kita yang pernah merasakan
Hitam terangnya cinta
Em
Bersamamu kan kujelang hari bahagia
C
Tanpamu ku gelap
G
Tanpamu gelap
G
Simpan saja semua cerita
Tentang hitamnya cinta
Em
Bersamamu kan kujelang hari bahagia
C
Tanpamu ku gelap
G
Engkaulah terang
[Chorus]
Em C
Dan aku telah yakinkan hatiku
G
Bahagia kan ku jelang
D/F#
Bersamamu
Em C
Dan aku yang tak bisa tanpamu
G
Karena engkaulah terang
D
Dalam gelapku
G
Bulan bintang yang selalu datang
Setia terangi malam
Em
Tak seterang hatimu
C
Tak seterang cinta yang kau berikan
G
Yang kau berikan
[Interlude] Em C G D
"Afterlife"
"Afterlife"
Like walking into a dream, so unlike what you've seen.
So unsure but it seems, 'cause we've been waiting for you.
Fallen into this place, just giving you a small taste.
Of your afterlife here so stay, you'll be back here soon anyway.
I see a distant light, but girl this can't be right.
Such a surreal place to see so how did this come to be,
Arrived too early.
And when I think of all the places I just don't belong,
I've come to grips with life and realize this is going too far.
I don't belong here, we gotta move on dear, escape from this afterlife.
'Cause this time I'm right to move on and on, far away from here.
A place of hope and no pain, perfect skies with no rain.
Can leave this place but refrain, 'cause we've been waiting for you.
Fallen into this place, just giving you a small taste.
Of your afterlife here so stay, you'll be back here soon anyway.
This peace on earth's not right (with my back against the wall).
No pain or sign of time (I'm much too young to fall).
So out of place don't wanna stay, I feel wrong and that's my sign.
I've made up my mind.
Give me your hand but realize I just wanna say goodbye.
Please understand I have to leave and carry on my own life.
I don't belong here, I gotta move on dear escape from this afterlife.
'Cause this time I'm right to move on and on, far away from here.
Got nothing against you and surely I'll miss you.
This place full of peace and light, and I'd hoped you might,
Take me back inside, when the time is right.
Loved ones back home all crying 'cause they're already missing me.
I pray by the grace of God that there's somebody listening.
Give me a chance to be that person I wanna be.
(I am unbroken, I'm choking on this ecstasy.)
Oh Lord I'll try so hard but you gotta let go of me
(Unbreak me, unchain me, I need another chance to live.)
[Screaming and maniacal laughter]
I don't belong here, I gotta move on dear escape from this afterlife.
'Cause this time I'm right to move on and on, far away from here.
Got nothing against you and surely I'll miss you.
This place full of peace and light, and I'd hoped you might,
Take me back inside when the time is right.
Like walking into a dream, so unlike what you've seen.
So unsure but it seems, 'cause we've been waiting for you.
Fallen into this place, just giving you a small taste.
Of your afterlife here so stay, you'll be back here soon anyway.
I see a distant light, but girl this can't be right.
Such a surreal place to see so how did this come to be,
Arrived too early.
And when I think of all the places I just don't belong,
I've come to grips with life and realize this is going too far.
I don't belong here, we gotta move on dear, escape from this afterlife.
'Cause this time I'm right to move on and on, far away from here.
A place of hope and no pain, perfect skies with no rain.
Can leave this place but refrain, 'cause we've been waiting for you.
Fallen into this place, just giving you a small taste.
Of your afterlife here so stay, you'll be back here soon anyway.
This peace on earth's not right (with my back against the wall).
No pain or sign of time (I'm much too young to fall).
So out of place don't wanna stay, I feel wrong and that's my sign.
I've made up my mind.
Give me your hand but realize I just wanna say goodbye.
Please understand I have to leave and carry on my own life.
I don't belong here, I gotta move on dear escape from this afterlife.
'Cause this time I'm right to move on and on, far away from here.
Got nothing against you and surely I'll miss you.
This place full of peace and light, and I'd hoped you might,
Take me back inside, when the time is right.
Loved ones back home all crying 'cause they're already missing me.
I pray by the grace of God that there's somebody listening.
Give me a chance to be that person I wanna be.
(I am unbroken, I'm choking on this ecstasy.)
Oh Lord I'll try so hard but you gotta let go of me
(Unbreak me, unchain me, I need another chance to live.)
[Screaming and maniacal laughter]
I don't belong here, I gotta move on dear escape from this afterlife.
'Cause this time I'm right to move on and on, far away from here.
Got nothing against you and surely I'll miss you.
This place full of peace and light, and I'd hoped you might,
Take me back inside when the time is right.
Memasang Jam
Memasang Jam
Agar blog anda tampak cantik dan menarik untuk di lihat, maka anda bisa memasang beberapa aksesori blog, salah satunya adalah dengan cara memasang jam. Jam ini bisa anda dapatkan secara gratis pada situs http://www.clocklink.com. Salah satu contoh jam yang tersedia adalah sebagai berikut :
Dan bagi anda yang ingin blognya di pasang jamjuga, silahkan ikuti langkah-langkah berikut :
1. Silahkan kunjungi situs http://www.clocklink.com
2. Jika sudah berada pada situs tersebut, silahkan klik tulisan Want a clock on your Website ?
3. Silahkan anda melihat-lihat dulu model dari jam yang tersedia, yaitu mulai dari Analog, Animal, Animation, dll
4. Jika di rasa sudah menemukan model jam yang anda sukai, klik tulisan View HTML tag yang berada di bawah jam yang anda sukai tadi
5. Klik tombol yang bertuliskan Accept
6. Pilih waktu yang sesuai dengan tempat anda di samping tulisan TimeZone. Contoh : untuk indonesia bagian barat pilih GMT +7:00
7. Set ukuran jam yang anda sukai di samping tulisan size
8. Copy kode HTML yang di berikan pada notepad
9. Paste kode HTML yang di copy tadi pada tempat yang anda inginkan
10. Selesai
Agar blog anda tampak cantik dan menarik untuk di lihat, maka anda bisa memasang beberapa aksesori blog, salah satunya adalah dengan cara memasang jam. Jam ini bisa anda dapatkan secara gratis pada situs http://www.clocklink.com. Salah satu contoh jam yang tersedia adalah sebagai berikut :
Dan bagi anda yang ingin blognya di pasang jamjuga, silahkan ikuti langkah-langkah berikut :
1. Silahkan kunjungi situs http://www.clocklink.com
2. Jika sudah berada pada situs tersebut, silahkan klik tulisan Want a clock on your Website ?
3. Silahkan anda melihat-lihat dulu model dari jam yang tersedia, yaitu mulai dari Analog, Animal, Animation, dll
4. Jika di rasa sudah menemukan model jam yang anda sukai, klik tulisan View HTML tag yang berada di bawah jam yang anda sukai tadi
5. Klik tombol yang bertuliskan Accept
6. Pilih waktu yang sesuai dengan tempat anda di samping tulisan TimeZone. Contoh : untuk indonesia bagian barat pilih GMT +7:00
7. Set ukuran jam yang anda sukai di samping tulisan size
8. Copy kode HTML yang di berikan pada notepad
9. Paste kode HTML yang di copy tadi pada tempat yang anda inginkan
10. Selesai
Menginstal SO Windows XP
Menginstal SO Windows XPThis is a featured page
Apa lagi perangkat lunak lunak terpenting dalam suatu PC kalau bukan sistem operasi? andai saja PC tidak di Instal sistem operasi, PC bagai mobil tanpa bahan bakar, tidak bisa jalan serta tidak berguna. Sistem operasi sangat penting karena berperan sebagai jembatan penghubung perangkat-perangkat lunak dan perangkat-perangkat keras. Sistem operasilah yang mengurusi pemakaian sumber daya PC mulai dari perangkat lunak itu menerima masukan dari pengguna hingga pengguna melihat efek masukannya di layar monitor. Sistem Operasi, khususnya di PC bertindak sebagai manager yang 4 tugas utama yaitu :
1. Sistem Operasi mengatur pemakaian Prosesor.
2. Sebagai pengatur penggunaan memori (termasuk media penyimpanan seperti hardisk)
3. Pengatur pemakain hardware yang lain.
4. Sistem Operasi memberikan antarmuka kepada pengguna dan pembuat program.
Menginstall Operating Sistem dan Software-Software yang Diinginkan.
a. Setelah semua dirakit dengan benar, sekarang adalah tahap menginstall sistem operasi yang digunakan dan juga software-software yang diinginkan. Untuk sistem operasi Windows misalnya saudara dapat memakai Windows 98, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP atau mungkin Linux.
b. Install pula software aplikasi lainnya sesuai dengan kebutuhan, seperti Microsoft Office 2003, Open Office, Star Office, Acrobat Reader dan software aplikasi lainnya sesuai dengan kebutuhan.
c. Berusahalah untuk menggunakan Software yang resmi (ada licensenya), kecuali kalau memang software tersebut open source.
d. Beberap contoh software yang open source, misalnya knoppix, OpenOffice, StarOffice dan lain sebagainya
Windows xp
1. setup BIOS
* Hubungkan monitor, kibor, mouse dan peranti lainnya pada PC. Jangan lupa tancapkan kabel power ke port power di belakang PC. Sesudah itu, tekan tombol power pada PC dan monitor untuk menghidupkan komputer rakitan Anda. PC segera melakukan proses booting.
* Segeralah menekan tombol [Delete] atau F1 pada kibor untuk masuk ke
menu BIOS/CMOS Setup.
* Cek Hardisk dan Cd-Room, jika hardisk dan Cd-Room ada maka :
* Atur boot pertama dari Cd-Rom
* Masukkan Cd Windows XP ke dalam Cd-Room, simpan dan restart PC
Apa lagi perangkat lunak lunak terpenting dalam suatu PC kalau bukan sistem operasi? andai saja PC tidak di Instal sistem operasi, PC bagai mobil tanpa bahan bakar, tidak bisa jalan serta tidak berguna. Sistem operasi sangat penting karena berperan sebagai jembatan penghubung perangkat-perangkat lunak dan perangkat-perangkat keras. Sistem operasilah yang mengurusi pemakaian sumber daya PC mulai dari perangkat lunak itu menerima masukan dari pengguna hingga pengguna melihat efek masukannya di layar monitor. Sistem Operasi, khususnya di PC bertindak sebagai manager yang 4 tugas utama yaitu :
1. Sistem Operasi mengatur pemakaian Prosesor.
2. Sebagai pengatur penggunaan memori (termasuk media penyimpanan seperti hardisk)
3. Pengatur pemakain hardware yang lain.
4. Sistem Operasi memberikan antarmuka kepada pengguna dan pembuat program.
Menginstall Operating Sistem dan Software-Software yang Diinginkan.
a. Setelah semua dirakit dengan benar, sekarang adalah tahap menginstall sistem operasi yang digunakan dan juga software-software yang diinginkan. Untuk sistem operasi Windows misalnya saudara dapat memakai Windows 98, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP atau mungkin Linux.
b. Install pula software aplikasi lainnya sesuai dengan kebutuhan, seperti Microsoft Office 2003, Open Office, Star Office, Acrobat Reader dan software aplikasi lainnya sesuai dengan kebutuhan.
c. Berusahalah untuk menggunakan Software yang resmi (ada licensenya), kecuali kalau memang software tersebut open source.
d. Beberap contoh software yang open source, misalnya knoppix, OpenOffice, StarOffice dan lain sebagainya
Windows xp
1. setup BIOS
* Hubungkan monitor, kibor, mouse dan peranti lainnya pada PC. Jangan lupa tancapkan kabel power ke port power di belakang PC. Sesudah itu, tekan tombol power pada PC dan monitor untuk menghidupkan komputer rakitan Anda. PC segera melakukan proses booting.
* Segeralah menekan tombol [Delete] atau F1 pada kibor untuk masuk ke
menu BIOS/CMOS Setup.
* Cek Hardisk dan Cd-Room, jika hardisk dan Cd-Room ada maka :
* Atur boot pertama dari Cd-Rom
* Masukkan Cd Windows XP ke dalam Cd-Room, simpan dan restart PC
Upgrade KomputerThis is a featured page Meng-Upgrade PC
Upgrade KomputerThis is a featured page
Meng-Upgrade PC
Apakah anda merasa kemampuan PC anda sudah sangat baik dalam melayani keperluan anda? Apakah anda pernah terpikir bahwa sudah saatnya PC anda untuk di-upgrade? Meng-upgrade adalah melakukan pergantian pada komponen-komponen dari PC dengan spesifikasi yang lebih tinggi. Komponen Motherboard yang umumnya di upgrade diantaranya : Motherboard, Processor, RAM, VGA Card, CDROM, Sound Card, Harddisk. Upgrade PC merupakan suatu hal yang sangat menggiurkan bagi pemilik PC yang sudah cukup berumur. Mengupgrade PC akan memakan biaya yang lebih murah dibandingkan bila kita membeli PC yang baru, dengan mengupgrade PC setidaknya kinerja PC anda akan menjadi lebih baik dan akan memberi kepuasan tersendiri bagi penggunanya.
Pertimbangan Melakukan Upgrade
1. Motherboard
Pengecekan Motherboard sangatlah penting karena komponen upgrade tersebut akan dipasangkan pada motherboard, dengan mengetahui kemampuan dari motherboard maka anda dapat leluasa menentukan komponen apa yang dapat diupgrade dan komponen penggantinya tentu yang sesuai dengan motherboard. Berikut ini langkah pengecekan
Lakukan cek apakah motherboard “support” atau tidak terhadap komponen yang akan anda tambahkan, meliputi :
upgrade RAM, lihat slot yang kosong.
upgrade VGA Card, lihat slot yang digunakan oleh VGA yang dulu.
Baca manual Motherboard, kenali jenis dari slot (PCI, AGP, ISA) yang ada, khusus untuk AGP kenali apakah AGP anda itu AGP 1x, AGP 2x,atau AGP 4x.
Untuk Upgrade processor, ketahui apakah motherboard anda mendukung terhadap prosesor yang anda inginkan, jika tidak maka ganti motherboard anda, namun perlu diperhatikan agar motherboard anda yang baru ini mendukung kecepatan bus dari prosesor yang anda inginkan (kalau bias mendukung kecepatan bus terbaru). Jika ternyata motherboard anda sudah mendukung prosesor yang anda inginkan, maka prosesor yang baru itu hendaknya mendukung kecepatan bus yang sama dengan motherboard.
2. Case
Pengecekan Case ini perlu untuk melihat ruang kosong jika kita ingin menambah drive dan jika kita mengganti motherboard, periksa apakah case kita cocok dengan motherboard baru yaitu bagian sumber power, AT atau ATX, jika ternyata motherboard mendukung semuanya tidak apa, namun jika motherboard terbaru umumnya mendukung ATX, jika case kita AT maka terpaksa harus diganti
3. RAM
Upgrade memory sangat baik, karena akan meningkatkan kecepatan akses dan kerja komputer dan hal itu akan sangat tampak apabila kita menjalankan beberapa aplikasi dalam satu waktu, mis: kita menjalankan windows, kita juga menjalankan aplikasi lain seperti MsOffice, AutoCad, Adobe dan banyak lagi keuntungannya setidaknya anda aman untuk aplikasi software sekaligus.
Kenali memory anda, apa slot jenis yang digunakan oleh memory anda SIMM atau DIMM? Jika menggunakan slot SIMM (72 pin) berarti anda harus menambah tipe yang sama, sebanyak min satu bank SIMM untuk mengupgradenya, untuk tipe SIMM umumnya digunakan EDORAM, satu bank SIMM = 2 keping SIMM. Jika menggunakan slot DIMM (168pin) berati anda harus menambah min satu bank DIMM untuk mengupgradenya, satu bank DIMM = 1 keping DIMM
4 Processor
Processor baru, merupakan cara upgrade yang paling sering dilakukan namun ada hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan diantaranya :
Motherboard anda harus mendukung kecepatan bus dari prosesor
Clock speed dari prosesor makin cepat makin baik.
Dukungan cache memory dari processor(L1 cache dan atau L2 cache)
5 Harddisk
Prosesor yang bagus serta RAM yang cukup memadai memang akan mendorong kecepatan kerja dari sebuah PC, namun agar bisa bekerja dengan baik tentu dibutuhkan media penyimpan dengan kapasitas yang cukup besar. Kebutuhan ruang disk yang besar ini disebabkan perkembangan software yang kian lama kian membutuhkan ruang yang banyak. Munculnya pemikiran untuk mengganti harddisk yang dimiliki dengan harddisk lain yang memiliki kapasitas yang lebih besar merupakan salah satu cara untuk mempersiapkan media penyimpan yang lebih besar. Cek apakah motherboard support dengan harddisk IDE/SATA.
6. Display/VGA
Namun peningkatan display tidak hanya dari kualitas monitor saja, upgrade kartu grafis juga akan memberikan pengaruh yang tidak sedikit. Jika anda hanya menggunakan komputer anda sebatas dokumen pengolahan kata, operasi pada spreadsheet atau untuk “surving” kartu grafis anda sekarang sudah cukup. Namun jika anda banyak bekerja dengan aplikasi 3D berat atau anda pecandu game maka upgrade kartu grafis dapat menjadi sebuah pilihan yang cukup menggiurkan, terlebih lagi jika motherboard anda memiliki slot AGP, pilihan untuk Upgrade VGA card cukup banyak.
7, CD-RW vs DVD
DVD-ROM merupakan salah satu alternatif bagi anda CD-ROM anda sudah usang dan ingin menggantinya, itupun jika anda menginginkannya. DVD-ROM akan memberikan tampilan movie yang lebih baik, sebuah kit DVD-ROM terdiri dari DVD-ROM drive dan decoder card
Meng-Upgrade PC
Apakah anda merasa kemampuan PC anda sudah sangat baik dalam melayani keperluan anda? Apakah anda pernah terpikir bahwa sudah saatnya PC anda untuk di-upgrade? Meng-upgrade adalah melakukan pergantian pada komponen-komponen dari PC dengan spesifikasi yang lebih tinggi. Komponen Motherboard yang umumnya di upgrade diantaranya : Motherboard, Processor, RAM, VGA Card, CDROM, Sound Card, Harddisk. Upgrade PC merupakan suatu hal yang sangat menggiurkan bagi pemilik PC yang sudah cukup berumur. Mengupgrade PC akan memakan biaya yang lebih murah dibandingkan bila kita membeli PC yang baru, dengan mengupgrade PC setidaknya kinerja PC anda akan menjadi lebih baik dan akan memberi kepuasan tersendiri bagi penggunanya.
Pertimbangan Melakukan Upgrade
1. Motherboard
Pengecekan Motherboard sangatlah penting karena komponen upgrade tersebut akan dipasangkan pada motherboard, dengan mengetahui kemampuan dari motherboard maka anda dapat leluasa menentukan komponen apa yang dapat diupgrade dan komponen penggantinya tentu yang sesuai dengan motherboard. Berikut ini langkah pengecekan
Lakukan cek apakah motherboard “support” atau tidak terhadap komponen yang akan anda tambahkan, meliputi :
upgrade RAM, lihat slot yang kosong.
upgrade VGA Card, lihat slot yang digunakan oleh VGA yang dulu.
Baca manual Motherboard, kenali jenis dari slot (PCI, AGP, ISA) yang ada, khusus untuk AGP kenali apakah AGP anda itu AGP 1x, AGP 2x,atau AGP 4x.
Untuk Upgrade processor, ketahui apakah motherboard anda mendukung terhadap prosesor yang anda inginkan, jika tidak maka ganti motherboard anda, namun perlu diperhatikan agar motherboard anda yang baru ini mendukung kecepatan bus dari prosesor yang anda inginkan (kalau bias mendukung kecepatan bus terbaru). Jika ternyata motherboard anda sudah mendukung prosesor yang anda inginkan, maka prosesor yang baru itu hendaknya mendukung kecepatan bus yang sama dengan motherboard.
2. Case
Pengecekan Case ini perlu untuk melihat ruang kosong jika kita ingin menambah drive dan jika kita mengganti motherboard, periksa apakah case kita cocok dengan motherboard baru yaitu bagian sumber power, AT atau ATX, jika ternyata motherboard mendukung semuanya tidak apa, namun jika motherboard terbaru umumnya mendukung ATX, jika case kita AT maka terpaksa harus diganti
3. RAM
Upgrade memory sangat baik, karena akan meningkatkan kecepatan akses dan kerja komputer dan hal itu akan sangat tampak apabila kita menjalankan beberapa aplikasi dalam satu waktu, mis: kita menjalankan windows, kita juga menjalankan aplikasi lain seperti MsOffice, AutoCad, Adobe dan banyak lagi keuntungannya setidaknya anda aman untuk aplikasi software sekaligus.
Kenali memory anda, apa slot jenis yang digunakan oleh memory anda SIMM atau DIMM? Jika menggunakan slot SIMM (72 pin) berarti anda harus menambah tipe yang sama, sebanyak min satu bank SIMM untuk mengupgradenya, untuk tipe SIMM umumnya digunakan EDORAM, satu bank SIMM = 2 keping SIMM. Jika menggunakan slot DIMM (168pin) berati anda harus menambah min satu bank DIMM untuk mengupgradenya, satu bank DIMM = 1 keping DIMM
4 Processor
Processor baru, merupakan cara upgrade yang paling sering dilakukan namun ada hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan diantaranya :
Motherboard anda harus mendukung kecepatan bus dari prosesor
Clock speed dari prosesor makin cepat makin baik.
Dukungan cache memory dari processor(L1 cache dan atau L2 cache)
5 Harddisk
Prosesor yang bagus serta RAM yang cukup memadai memang akan mendorong kecepatan kerja dari sebuah PC, namun agar bisa bekerja dengan baik tentu dibutuhkan media penyimpan dengan kapasitas yang cukup besar. Kebutuhan ruang disk yang besar ini disebabkan perkembangan software yang kian lama kian membutuhkan ruang yang banyak. Munculnya pemikiran untuk mengganti harddisk yang dimiliki dengan harddisk lain yang memiliki kapasitas yang lebih besar merupakan salah satu cara untuk mempersiapkan media penyimpan yang lebih besar. Cek apakah motherboard support dengan harddisk IDE/SATA.
6. Display/VGA
Namun peningkatan display tidak hanya dari kualitas monitor saja, upgrade kartu grafis juga akan memberikan pengaruh yang tidak sedikit. Jika anda hanya menggunakan komputer anda sebatas dokumen pengolahan kata, operasi pada spreadsheet atau untuk “surving” kartu grafis anda sekarang sudah cukup. Namun jika anda banyak bekerja dengan aplikasi 3D berat atau anda pecandu game maka upgrade kartu grafis dapat menjadi sebuah pilihan yang cukup menggiurkan, terlebih lagi jika motherboard anda memiliki slot AGP, pilihan untuk Upgrade VGA card cukup banyak.
7, CD-RW vs DVD
DVD-ROM merupakan salah satu alternatif bagi anda CD-ROM anda sudah usang dan ingin menggantinya, itupun jika anda menginginkannya. DVD-ROM akan memberikan tampilan movie yang lebih baik, sebuah kit DVD-ROM terdiri dari DVD-ROM drive dan decoder card
Langkah-Langkah Merakit KomputerThis is a featured page
Langkah-Langkah Merakit KomputerThis is a featured page
Berikut ini akan dibahas mengenai bagaimana cara merakit komputer, terutama bagi mereka yang baru belajar .. dari beberapa referensi yang saya pelajari .. maka berikut ini akan dijelaskan langkah demi langkah cara merakit komputer, mudah-mudahan bermanfaat .. Red. deden
Komponen perakit komputer tersedia di pasaran dengan beragam pilihan kualitas dan harga. Dengan merakit sendiri komputer, kita dapat menentukan jenis komponen, kemampuan serta fasilitas dari komputer sesuai kebutuhan.Tahapan dalam perakitan komputer terdiri dari:
A. Persiapan
B. Perakitan
C. Pengujian
D. Penanganan Masalah
rakit1.jpg
Persiapan
Persiapan yang baik akan memudahkan dalam perakitan komputer serta menghindari permasalahan yang mungkin timbul.Hal yang terkait dalam persiapan meliputi:
1. Penentuan Konfigurasi Komputer
2. Persiapan Kompunen dan perlengkapan
3. Pengamanan
Penentuan Konfigurasi Komputer
Konfigurasi komputer berkait dengan penentuan jenis komponen dan fitur dari komputer serta bagaimana seluruh komponen dapat bekerja sebagai sebuah sistem komputer sesuai keinginan kita.Penentuan komponen dimulai dari jenis prosessor, motherboard, lalu komponen lainnya. Faktor kesesuaian atau kompatibilitas dari komponen terhadap motherboard harus diperhatikan, karena setiap jenis motherboard mendukung jenis prosessor, modul memori, port dan I/O bus yang berbeda-beda.
Persiapan Komponen dan Perlengkapan
Komponen komputer beserta perlengkapan untuk perakitan dipersiapkan untuk perakitan dipersiapkan lebih dulu untuk memudahkan perakitan. Perlengkapan yang disiapkan terdiri dari:
* Komponen komputer
* Kelengkapan komponen seperti kabel, sekerup, jumper, baut dan sebagainya
* Buku manual dan referensi dari komponen
* Alat bantu berupa obeng pipih dan philips
Software sistem operasi, device driver dan program aplikasi.
rakit2.jpg
Buku manual diperlukan sebagai rujukan untuk mengatahui diagram posisi dari elemen koneksi (konektor, port dan slot) dan elemen konfigurasi (jumper dan switch) beserta cara setting jumper dan switch yang sesuai untuk komputer yang dirakit.Diskette atau CD Software diperlukan untuk menginstall Sistem Operasi, device driver dari piranti, dan program aplikasi pada komputer yang selesai dirakit.
Pengamanan
Tindakan pengamanan diperlukan untuk menghindari masalah seperti kerusakan komponen oleh muatan listrik statis, jatuh, panas berlebihan atau tumpahan cairan.Pencegahan kerusakan karena listrik statis dengan cara:
* Menggunakan gelang anti statis atau menyentuh permukaan logam pada casing sebelum memegang komponen untuk membuang muatan statis.
* Tidak menyentuh langsung komponen elektronik, konektor atau jalur rangkaian tetapi memegang pada badan logam atau plastik yang terdapat pada komponen.
rakit3.jpg
Perakitan
Tahapan proses pada perakitan komputer terdiri dari:
1. Penyiapan motherboard
2. Memasang Prosessor
3. Memasang heatsink
4. Memasang Modul Memori
5. memasang Motherboard pada Casing
6. Memasang Power Supply
7. Memasang Kabel Motherboard dan Casing
8. Memasang Drive
9. Memasang card Adapter
10. Penyelesaian Akhir
1. Penyiapan motherboard
Periksa buku manual motherboard untuk mengetahui posisi jumper untuk pengaturan CPU speed, speed multiplier dan tegangan masukan ke motherboard. Atur seting jumper sesuai petunjuk, kesalahan mengatur jumper tegangan dapat merusak prosessor.
rakit4.jpg
2. Memasang Prosessor
Prosessor lebih mudah dipasang sebelum motherboard menempati casing. Cara memasang prosessor jenis socket dan slot berbeda.Jenis socket
1. Tentukan posisi pin 1 pada prosessor dan socket prosessor di motherboard, umumnya terletak di pojok yang ditandai dengan titik, segitiga atau lekukan.
2. Tegakkan posisi tuas pengunci socket untuk membuka.
3. Masukkan prosessor ke socket dengan lebih dulu menyelaraskan posisi kaki-kaki prosessor dengan lubang socket. rapatkan hingga tidak terdapat celah antara prosessor dengan socket.
4. Turunkan kembali tuas pengunci.
rakit5.jpg
Jenis Slot
1. Pasang penyangga (bracket) pada dua ujung slot di motherboard sehingga posisi lubang pasak bertemu dengan lubang di motherboard
2. Masukkan pasak kemudian pengunci pasak pada lubang pasak
Selipkan card prosessor di antara kedua penahan dan tekan hingga tepat masuk ke lubang slot.
rakit6.jpg
3. Memasang Heatsink
Fungsi heatsink adalah membuang panas yang dihasilkan oleh prosessor lewat konduksi panas dari prosessor ke heatsink.Untuk mengoptimalkan pemindahan panas maka heatsink harus dipasang rapat pada bagian atas prosessor dengan beberapa clip sebagai penahan sedangkan permukaan kontak pada heatsink dilapisi gen penghantar panas.Bila heatsink dilengkapi dengan fan maka konektor power pada fan dihubungkan ke konektor fan pada motherboard.
rakit16.jpg
4. Memasang Modul Memori
Modul memori umumnya dipasang berurutan dari nomor socket terkecil. Urutan pemasangan dapat dilihat dari diagram motherboard.Setiap jenis modul memori yakni SIMM, DIMM dan RIMM dapat dibedakan dengan posisi lekukan pada sisi dan bawah pada modul.Cara memasang untuk tiap jenis modul memori sebagai berikut.
Jenis SIMM
1. Sesuaikan posisi lekukan pada modul dengan tonjolan pada slot.
2. Masukkan modul dengan membuat sudut miring 45 derajat terhadap slot
3. Dorong hingga modul tegak pada slot, tuas pengunci pada slot akan otomatis mengunci modul.
rakit7.jpg
rakit8.jpg
Jenis DIMM dan RIMM
Cara memasang modul DIMM dan RIMM sama dan hanya ada satu cara sehingga tidak akan terbalik karena ada dua lekukan sebagai panduan. Perbedaanya DIMM dan RIMM pada posisi lekukan
1. Rebahkan kait pengunci pada ujung slot
2. sesuaikan posisi lekukan pada konektor modul dengan tonjolan pada slot. lalu masukkan modul ke slot.
3. Kait pengunci secara otomatis mengunci modul pada slot bila modul sudah tepat terpasang.
rakit9.jpg
rakit10.jpg
5. Memasang Motherboard pada Casing
Motherboard dipasang ke casing dengan sekerup dan dudukan (standoff). Cara pemasangannya sebagai berikut:
1. Tentukan posisi lubang untuk setiap dudukan plastik dan logam. Lubang untuk dudukan logam (metal spacer) ditandai dengan cincin pada tepi lubang.
2. Pasang dudukan logam atau plastik pada tray casing sesuai dengan posisi setiap lubang dudukan yang sesuai pada motherboard.
3. Tempatkan motherboard pada tray casing sehinga kepala dudukan keluar dari lubang pada motherboard. Pasang sekerup pengunci pada setiap dudukan logam.
4. Pasang bingkai port I/O (I/O sheild) pada motherboard jika ada.
5. Pasang tray casing yang sudah terpasang motherboard pada casing dan kunci dengan sekerup.
rakit11.jpg
6. Memasang Power Supply
Beberapa jenis casing sudah dilengkapi power supply. Bila power supply belum disertakan maka cara pemasangannya sebagai berikut:
1. Masukkan power supply pada rak di bagian belakang casing. Pasang ke empat buah sekerup pengunci.
2. HUbungkan konektor power dari power supply ke motherboard. Konektor power jenis ATX hanya memiliki satu cara pemasangan sehingga tidak akan terbalik. Untuk jenis non ATX dengan dua konektor yang terpisah maka kabel-kabel ground warna hitam harus ditempatkan bersisian dan dipasang pada bagian tengah dari konektor power motherboard. Hubungkan kabel daya untuk fan, jika memakai fan untuk pendingin CPU.
rakit12.jpg
7. Memasang Kabel Motherboard dan Casing
Setelah motherboard terpasang di casing langkah selanjutnya adalah memasang kabel I/O pada motherboard dan panel dengan casing.
1. Pasang kabel data untuk floppy drive pada konektor pengontrol floppy di motherboard
2. Pasang kabel IDE untuk pada konektor IDE primary dan secondary pada motherboard.
3. Untuk motherboard non ATX. Pasang kabel port serial dan pararel pada konektor di motherboard. Perhatikan posisi pin 1 untuk memasang.
4. Pada bagian belakang casing terdapat lubang untuk memasang port tambahan jenis non slot. Buka sekerup pengunci pelat tertutup lubang port lalumasukkan port konektor yang ingin dipasang dan pasang sekerup kembali.
5. Bila port mouse belum tersedia di belakang casing maka card konektor mouse harus dipasang lalu dihubungkan dengan konektor mouse pada motherboard.
6. Hubungan kabel konektor dari switch di panel depan casing, LED, speaker internal dan port yang terpasang di depan casing bila ada ke motherboard. Periksa diagram motherboard untuk mencari lokasi konektor yang tepat.
rakit13.jpg
rakit14.jpg
rakit15.jpg
8. Memasang Drive
Prosedur memasang drive hardisk, floppy, CD ROM, CD-RW atau DVD adalah sama sebagai berikut:
1. Copot pelet penutup bay drive (ruang untuk drive pada casing)
2. Masukkan drive dari depan bay dengan terlebih dahulu mengatur seting jumper (sebagai master atau slave) pada drive.
3. Sesuaikan posisi lubang sekerup di drive dan casing lalu pasang sekerup penahan drive.
4. Hubungkan konektor kabel IDE ke drive dan konektor di motherboard (konektor primary dipakai lebih dulu)
5. Ulangi langkah 1 samapai 4 untuk setiap pemasangan drive.
6. Bila kabel IDE terhubung ke du drive pastikan perbedaan seting jumper keduanya yakni drive pertama diset sebagai master dan lainnya sebagai slave.
7. Konektor IDE secondary pada motherboard dapat dipakai untuk menghubungkan dua drive tambahan.
8. Floppy drive dihubungkan ke konektor khusus floppy di motherboard
Sambungkan kabel power dari catu daya ke masing-masing drive.
rakit17.jpg
9. Memasang Card Adapter
Card adapter yang umum dipasang adalah video card, sound, network, modem dan SCSI adapter. Video card umumnya harus dipasang dan diinstall sebelum card adapter lainnya. Cara memasang adapter:
1. Pegang card adapter pada tepi, hindari menyentuh komponen atau rangkaian elektronik. Tekan card hingga konektor tepat masuk pada slot ekspansi di motherboard
2. Pasang sekerup penahan card ke casing
3. Hubungkan kembali kabel internal pada card, bila ada.
rakit18.jpg
10. Penyelessaian Akhir
1. Pasang penutup casing dengan menggeser
2. sambungkan kabel dari catu daya ke soket dinding.
3. Pasang konektor monitor ke port video card.
4. Pasang konektor kabel telepon ke port modem bila ada.
5. Hubungkan konektor kabel keyboard dan konektor mouse ke port mouse atau poert serial (tergantung jenis mouse).
6. Hubungkan piranti eksternal lainnya seperti speaker, joystick, dan microphone bila ada ke port yang sesuai. Periksa manual dari card adapter untuk memastikan lokasi port.
rakit19.jpg
Pengujian
Komputer yang baru selesai dirakit dapat diuji dengan menjalankan program setup BIOS. Cara melakukan pengujian dengan program BIOS sebagai berikut:
1. Hidupkan monitor lalu unit sistem. Perhatikan tampilan monitor dan suara dari speaker.
2. Program FOST dari BIOS secara otomatis akan mendeteksi hardware yang terpasang dikomputer. Bila terdapat kesalahan maka tampilan monitor kosong dan speaker mengeluarkan bunyi beep secara teratur sebagai kode indikasi kesalahan. Periksa referensi kode BIOS untuk mengetahui indikasi kesalahan yang dimaksud oleh kode beep.
3. Jika tidak terjadi kesalahan maka monitor menampilkan proses eksekusi dari program POST. ekan tombol interupsi BIOS sesuai petunjuk di layar untuk masuk ke program setup BIOS.
4. Periksa semua hasil deteksi hardware oleh program setup BIOS. Beberapa seting mungkin harus dirubah nilainya terutama kapasitas hardisk dan boot sequence.
5. Simpan perubahan seting dan keluar dari setup BIOS.
Setelah keluar dari setup BIOS, komputer akan meload Sistem OPerasi dengan urutan pencarian sesuai seting boot sequence pada BIOS. Masukkan diskette atau CD Bootable yang berisi sistem operasi pada drive pencarian.
Penanganan Masalah
Permasalahan yang umum terjadi dalam perakitan komputer dan penanganannya antara lain:
1. Komputer atau monitor tidak menyala, kemungkinan disebabkan oleh switch atau kabel daya belum terhubung.
2. Card adapter yang tidak terdeteksi disebabkan oleh pemasangan card belum pas ke slot
Berikut ini akan dibahas mengenai bagaimana cara merakit komputer, terutama bagi mereka yang baru belajar .. dari beberapa referensi yang saya pelajari .. maka berikut ini akan dijelaskan langkah demi langkah cara merakit komputer, mudah-mudahan bermanfaat .. Red. deden
Komponen perakit komputer tersedia di pasaran dengan beragam pilihan kualitas dan harga. Dengan merakit sendiri komputer, kita dapat menentukan jenis komponen, kemampuan serta fasilitas dari komputer sesuai kebutuhan.Tahapan dalam perakitan komputer terdiri dari:
A. Persiapan
B. Perakitan
C. Pengujian
D. Penanganan Masalah
rakit1.jpg
Persiapan
Persiapan yang baik akan memudahkan dalam perakitan komputer serta menghindari permasalahan yang mungkin timbul.Hal yang terkait dalam persiapan meliputi:
1. Penentuan Konfigurasi Komputer
2. Persiapan Kompunen dan perlengkapan
3. Pengamanan
Penentuan Konfigurasi Komputer
Konfigurasi komputer berkait dengan penentuan jenis komponen dan fitur dari komputer serta bagaimana seluruh komponen dapat bekerja sebagai sebuah sistem komputer sesuai keinginan kita.Penentuan komponen dimulai dari jenis prosessor, motherboard, lalu komponen lainnya. Faktor kesesuaian atau kompatibilitas dari komponen terhadap motherboard harus diperhatikan, karena setiap jenis motherboard mendukung jenis prosessor, modul memori, port dan I/O bus yang berbeda-beda.
Persiapan Komponen dan Perlengkapan
Komponen komputer beserta perlengkapan untuk perakitan dipersiapkan untuk perakitan dipersiapkan lebih dulu untuk memudahkan perakitan. Perlengkapan yang disiapkan terdiri dari:
* Komponen komputer
* Kelengkapan komponen seperti kabel, sekerup, jumper, baut dan sebagainya
* Buku manual dan referensi dari komponen
* Alat bantu berupa obeng pipih dan philips
Software sistem operasi, device driver dan program aplikasi.
rakit2.jpg
Buku manual diperlukan sebagai rujukan untuk mengatahui diagram posisi dari elemen koneksi (konektor, port dan slot) dan elemen konfigurasi (jumper dan switch) beserta cara setting jumper dan switch yang sesuai untuk komputer yang dirakit.Diskette atau CD Software diperlukan untuk menginstall Sistem Operasi, device driver dari piranti, dan program aplikasi pada komputer yang selesai dirakit.
Pengamanan
Tindakan pengamanan diperlukan untuk menghindari masalah seperti kerusakan komponen oleh muatan listrik statis, jatuh, panas berlebihan atau tumpahan cairan.Pencegahan kerusakan karena listrik statis dengan cara:
* Menggunakan gelang anti statis atau menyentuh permukaan logam pada casing sebelum memegang komponen untuk membuang muatan statis.
* Tidak menyentuh langsung komponen elektronik, konektor atau jalur rangkaian tetapi memegang pada badan logam atau plastik yang terdapat pada komponen.
rakit3.jpg
Perakitan
Tahapan proses pada perakitan komputer terdiri dari:
1. Penyiapan motherboard
2. Memasang Prosessor
3. Memasang heatsink
4. Memasang Modul Memori
5. memasang Motherboard pada Casing
6. Memasang Power Supply
7. Memasang Kabel Motherboard dan Casing
8. Memasang Drive
9. Memasang card Adapter
10. Penyelesaian Akhir
1. Penyiapan motherboard
Periksa buku manual motherboard untuk mengetahui posisi jumper untuk pengaturan CPU speed, speed multiplier dan tegangan masukan ke motherboard. Atur seting jumper sesuai petunjuk, kesalahan mengatur jumper tegangan dapat merusak prosessor.
rakit4.jpg
2. Memasang Prosessor
Prosessor lebih mudah dipasang sebelum motherboard menempati casing. Cara memasang prosessor jenis socket dan slot berbeda.Jenis socket
1. Tentukan posisi pin 1 pada prosessor dan socket prosessor di motherboard, umumnya terletak di pojok yang ditandai dengan titik, segitiga atau lekukan.
2. Tegakkan posisi tuas pengunci socket untuk membuka.
3. Masukkan prosessor ke socket dengan lebih dulu menyelaraskan posisi kaki-kaki prosessor dengan lubang socket. rapatkan hingga tidak terdapat celah antara prosessor dengan socket.
4. Turunkan kembali tuas pengunci.
rakit5.jpg
Jenis Slot
1. Pasang penyangga (bracket) pada dua ujung slot di motherboard sehingga posisi lubang pasak bertemu dengan lubang di motherboard
2. Masukkan pasak kemudian pengunci pasak pada lubang pasak
Selipkan card prosessor di antara kedua penahan dan tekan hingga tepat masuk ke lubang slot.
rakit6.jpg
3. Memasang Heatsink
Fungsi heatsink adalah membuang panas yang dihasilkan oleh prosessor lewat konduksi panas dari prosessor ke heatsink.Untuk mengoptimalkan pemindahan panas maka heatsink harus dipasang rapat pada bagian atas prosessor dengan beberapa clip sebagai penahan sedangkan permukaan kontak pada heatsink dilapisi gen penghantar panas.Bila heatsink dilengkapi dengan fan maka konektor power pada fan dihubungkan ke konektor fan pada motherboard.
rakit16.jpg
4. Memasang Modul Memori
Modul memori umumnya dipasang berurutan dari nomor socket terkecil. Urutan pemasangan dapat dilihat dari diagram motherboard.Setiap jenis modul memori yakni SIMM, DIMM dan RIMM dapat dibedakan dengan posisi lekukan pada sisi dan bawah pada modul.Cara memasang untuk tiap jenis modul memori sebagai berikut.
Jenis SIMM
1. Sesuaikan posisi lekukan pada modul dengan tonjolan pada slot.
2. Masukkan modul dengan membuat sudut miring 45 derajat terhadap slot
3. Dorong hingga modul tegak pada slot, tuas pengunci pada slot akan otomatis mengunci modul.
rakit7.jpg
rakit8.jpg
Jenis DIMM dan RIMM
Cara memasang modul DIMM dan RIMM sama dan hanya ada satu cara sehingga tidak akan terbalik karena ada dua lekukan sebagai panduan. Perbedaanya DIMM dan RIMM pada posisi lekukan
1. Rebahkan kait pengunci pada ujung slot
2. sesuaikan posisi lekukan pada konektor modul dengan tonjolan pada slot. lalu masukkan modul ke slot.
3. Kait pengunci secara otomatis mengunci modul pada slot bila modul sudah tepat terpasang.
rakit9.jpg
rakit10.jpg
5. Memasang Motherboard pada Casing
Motherboard dipasang ke casing dengan sekerup dan dudukan (standoff). Cara pemasangannya sebagai berikut:
1. Tentukan posisi lubang untuk setiap dudukan plastik dan logam. Lubang untuk dudukan logam (metal spacer) ditandai dengan cincin pada tepi lubang.
2. Pasang dudukan logam atau plastik pada tray casing sesuai dengan posisi setiap lubang dudukan yang sesuai pada motherboard.
3. Tempatkan motherboard pada tray casing sehinga kepala dudukan keluar dari lubang pada motherboard. Pasang sekerup pengunci pada setiap dudukan logam.
4. Pasang bingkai port I/O (I/O sheild) pada motherboard jika ada.
5. Pasang tray casing yang sudah terpasang motherboard pada casing dan kunci dengan sekerup.
rakit11.jpg
6. Memasang Power Supply
Beberapa jenis casing sudah dilengkapi power supply. Bila power supply belum disertakan maka cara pemasangannya sebagai berikut:
1. Masukkan power supply pada rak di bagian belakang casing. Pasang ke empat buah sekerup pengunci.
2. HUbungkan konektor power dari power supply ke motherboard. Konektor power jenis ATX hanya memiliki satu cara pemasangan sehingga tidak akan terbalik. Untuk jenis non ATX dengan dua konektor yang terpisah maka kabel-kabel ground warna hitam harus ditempatkan bersisian dan dipasang pada bagian tengah dari konektor power motherboard. Hubungkan kabel daya untuk fan, jika memakai fan untuk pendingin CPU.
rakit12.jpg
7. Memasang Kabel Motherboard dan Casing
Setelah motherboard terpasang di casing langkah selanjutnya adalah memasang kabel I/O pada motherboard dan panel dengan casing.
1. Pasang kabel data untuk floppy drive pada konektor pengontrol floppy di motherboard
2. Pasang kabel IDE untuk pada konektor IDE primary dan secondary pada motherboard.
3. Untuk motherboard non ATX. Pasang kabel port serial dan pararel pada konektor di motherboard. Perhatikan posisi pin 1 untuk memasang.
4. Pada bagian belakang casing terdapat lubang untuk memasang port tambahan jenis non slot. Buka sekerup pengunci pelat tertutup lubang port lalumasukkan port konektor yang ingin dipasang dan pasang sekerup kembali.
5. Bila port mouse belum tersedia di belakang casing maka card konektor mouse harus dipasang lalu dihubungkan dengan konektor mouse pada motherboard.
6. Hubungan kabel konektor dari switch di panel depan casing, LED, speaker internal dan port yang terpasang di depan casing bila ada ke motherboard. Periksa diagram motherboard untuk mencari lokasi konektor yang tepat.
rakit13.jpg
rakit14.jpg
rakit15.jpg
8. Memasang Drive
Prosedur memasang drive hardisk, floppy, CD ROM, CD-RW atau DVD adalah sama sebagai berikut:
1. Copot pelet penutup bay drive (ruang untuk drive pada casing)
2. Masukkan drive dari depan bay dengan terlebih dahulu mengatur seting jumper (sebagai master atau slave) pada drive.
3. Sesuaikan posisi lubang sekerup di drive dan casing lalu pasang sekerup penahan drive.
4. Hubungkan konektor kabel IDE ke drive dan konektor di motherboard (konektor primary dipakai lebih dulu)
5. Ulangi langkah 1 samapai 4 untuk setiap pemasangan drive.
6. Bila kabel IDE terhubung ke du drive pastikan perbedaan seting jumper keduanya yakni drive pertama diset sebagai master dan lainnya sebagai slave.
7. Konektor IDE secondary pada motherboard dapat dipakai untuk menghubungkan dua drive tambahan.
8. Floppy drive dihubungkan ke konektor khusus floppy di motherboard
Sambungkan kabel power dari catu daya ke masing-masing drive.
rakit17.jpg
9. Memasang Card Adapter
Card adapter yang umum dipasang adalah video card, sound, network, modem dan SCSI adapter. Video card umumnya harus dipasang dan diinstall sebelum card adapter lainnya. Cara memasang adapter:
1. Pegang card adapter pada tepi, hindari menyentuh komponen atau rangkaian elektronik. Tekan card hingga konektor tepat masuk pada slot ekspansi di motherboard
2. Pasang sekerup penahan card ke casing
3. Hubungkan kembali kabel internal pada card, bila ada.
rakit18.jpg
10. Penyelessaian Akhir
1. Pasang penutup casing dengan menggeser
2. sambungkan kabel dari catu daya ke soket dinding.
3. Pasang konektor monitor ke port video card.
4. Pasang konektor kabel telepon ke port modem bila ada.
5. Hubungkan konektor kabel keyboard dan konektor mouse ke port mouse atau poert serial (tergantung jenis mouse).
6. Hubungkan piranti eksternal lainnya seperti speaker, joystick, dan microphone bila ada ke port yang sesuai. Periksa manual dari card adapter untuk memastikan lokasi port.
rakit19.jpg
Pengujian
Komputer yang baru selesai dirakit dapat diuji dengan menjalankan program setup BIOS. Cara melakukan pengujian dengan program BIOS sebagai berikut:
1. Hidupkan monitor lalu unit sistem. Perhatikan tampilan monitor dan suara dari speaker.
2. Program FOST dari BIOS secara otomatis akan mendeteksi hardware yang terpasang dikomputer. Bila terdapat kesalahan maka tampilan monitor kosong dan speaker mengeluarkan bunyi beep secara teratur sebagai kode indikasi kesalahan. Periksa referensi kode BIOS untuk mengetahui indikasi kesalahan yang dimaksud oleh kode beep.
3. Jika tidak terjadi kesalahan maka monitor menampilkan proses eksekusi dari program POST. ekan tombol interupsi BIOS sesuai petunjuk di layar untuk masuk ke program setup BIOS.
4. Periksa semua hasil deteksi hardware oleh program setup BIOS. Beberapa seting mungkin harus dirubah nilainya terutama kapasitas hardisk dan boot sequence.
5. Simpan perubahan seting dan keluar dari setup BIOS.
Setelah keluar dari setup BIOS, komputer akan meload Sistem OPerasi dengan urutan pencarian sesuai seting boot sequence pada BIOS. Masukkan diskette atau CD Bootable yang berisi sistem operasi pada drive pencarian.
Penanganan Masalah
Permasalahan yang umum terjadi dalam perakitan komputer dan penanganannya antara lain:
1. Komputer atau monitor tidak menyala, kemungkinan disebabkan oleh switch atau kabel daya belum terhubung.
2. Card adapter yang tidak terdeteksi disebabkan oleh pemasangan card belum pas ke slot
Langganan:
Komentar (Atom)
